The Best Online Crypto Casino Reviews: What to Look For: Keep It Simple And Stupid
12 Best Bitcoin and Crypto Casinos for December 2024
But for a new casino, BetFoxx brings a lot to the table, especially for crypto enthusiasts. Here are the key Ts and Cs to be aware of. Io meets all expectations. You have to open the game and wait for it to load before you can start sleuthing for this type of game information. It supports a selection of languages including English, German, Spanish, French, Turkish, Russian, Portuguese, Japanese. Io stands out as a leading player in the digital cryptocurrency casino realm, delivering an unparalleled gaming adventure with an extensive library of over 5,000 games. BTC, ETH, LTC, BNB, XRP, ADA, DOGE, BCH, USDT, TRX, USDC. The casino supports numerous fiat currencies including EUR, USD, AUD, CHF, RUB, NOK, CAD, NZD, INR, ZAR, BRL, JPY, and KZT, alongside popular cryptocurrencies like BTC, BCH, ETH, LTC, DOGE, USDT, XPR, ADA, TRX, BNB, and USDC. This can create some incredibly lucrative combinations. There are also some giant bonuses, including 25% cashback and a 200% deposit match up to 10 ETH. For those aiming for significant wins, Howl. Updated on 05 December, 2024. Users can create an account, make a cryptocurrency deposit and use it to participate in various games such as poker, slots, roulette or sports betting. We’ve scoured the web to bring you the top ten Bitcoin and crypto casinos boasting instant withdrawals in 2024. The casino’s cashback program offers up to 40% cashback on losses, with different rates for daily and weekly cashbacks, both with and without wagering requirements. This means you can deposit and withdraw your winnings using Bitcoin and potentially even play anonymously. Since Ethereum is the second most well known cryptocurrency, Ethereum casinos also stand for a significant part of the crypto audience, even if transfers are still at bit more expensive than you might have hoped. Our JVSpinBet exclusive promo code „BIGBASS150“ gives new players 150 free spins on Big Bass Bonanza by Pragmatic Play, with absolutely no deposit required. Crypto friendly gaming site. The fact is that the limits on financial transactions depend on the payment instrument that players use.

Best Bitcoin Casino Bonuses
Curaçao Gaming License. From sports betting to live casino action, poker, and esports, https://hml.brasilsulvinhos.com.br/good-fortune-777-slots-play-big-win-777-port-free-22/ it serves as a one stop destination for all gambling enthusiasts. Cryptorino Casino, launched in 2024 and regulated under a Costa Rican license, offers anonymous play. Check out top 5 free spin bonuses currently available at BCK below. With a robust gamification system, Felix Spin stands out by offering quests, a VIP system, and innovative features like the Wheel of Felix and Anubis, as well as a thrilling treasure hunt culminating in a €1,000 bonus at the Legendary Level. Terms and conditions and wagering requirements apply. This insurance can be purchased for both single and accumulator bets, ensuring you can play confidently. Welcome to ETH Casino, a pioneering platform set to redefine your gambling experience with Ethereum. With thousands of games, lucrative welcome bonuses, and great customer support, Fairspin provides an exciting and secure online gambling experience for both crypto and traditional players. It’s always advisable to carefully read the instructions provided by the casino and follow them accordingly to ensure a smooth and hassle free claiming experience. When I examined the offer, I realized it’s the highest amount of rakeback offered to players with the highest VIP statuses. We assess the site’s interface, layout, ease of navigation, load times, and mobile compatibility. The best wallet for gambling with Bitcoin would be the one that has been tested by millions of satisfied users. Crypto casinos won’t ask too many personal questions or require you to confirm your identity. Lucky Block offers a world class crypto casino and sports betting platform with thousands of games, generous rewards for loyal players, fast payouts, and an overall premium interactive gambling experience. However, provably fair games use ultra secure algorithms to ensure outcomes are genuinely random. Their roulette titles are favored for their detailed graphics, smooth gameplay, and innovative features. The content on this site should not be considered investment advice. Learn more about other kinds of reviews. The casino’s 24/7 customer support, available through live chat and email, ensures that players receive assistance whenever needed. Customer support is available 24/7 through live chat and email, with dedicated VIP managers for high level players. A legitimate license and transparent operations provide accountability.

BITCOIN DICE GAMES
Visit Spinarium Casino. 100% Welcome Bonus Up To 1,000 USDT. BTC, ETH, LTC, BNB, XRP, ADA, DOGE, BCH, USDT, TRX, USDC. Players use cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin to play the game. If you’re looking for an extra special welcome bonus at Bspin. We understand the importance of flexibility when it comes to transactions. Other complaints surround payout refusals, mostly from players who signed up and deposited from restricted countries a rookie error, if I’m being honest. BTC, BCH, ETH, LTC, DOGE, USDT. A high roller favorite, it comes in multiple variants. They also offer daily cashback and rakeback up to 60%, giving you plenty of ways to keep your balance healthy. Every user who does not want to risk real funds and wants to test the functionality can play in demo mode. Open an account with a reputable decentralized casino by entering an email and password. Top games include Sweet Bonanza and Gates of Olympus, ensuring there’s something for every gamer. The amount of points you earn determines your rank and what goodies you will unlock as a result of that. With most Bitcoin casinos, all you need is a wallet address to start playing. Thanks to this and other elements, those gambling with Bitcoin for the first time will discover many pluses, especially compared to traditional casino sites that specialize in fiat money. IGaming platforms are the technological backbone of online casinos and sportsbooks. More games means more options, more fun, and a higher budget casino.

What Is The Most Trusted Crypto Casino? List Of Best Crypto Gambling Sites Online In 2024
Will you bet on single numbers, colors, or different groups of numbers. In other words if the RNG is producing results completely at random or something is dictating the outcomes thereof. While playing online poker with Bitcoin, minimal details like name, email, and birth date might be required, keeping sensitive identity information secure. Unfortunately, geographical restrictions are not uncommon when it comes to Bitcoin casino no deposit bonus offers. They support a variety of languages on their site such as English, Chinese, Spanish, French, Hungarian, Russian, Portuguese, German, Turkish, Japanese, Korean. Yes, CoinPoker is a legitimate platform. The good news is that you can claim Bitcoin casino online reload bonuses every week. In the following table, let’s study the pros and cons of portals that accept cryptocurrency. In contrast, Australian licensed sports betting sites can only cater to Australian players. USDT, ADA, DAI, DOGE, TRX, USDC, XRP, ETH, BTC, LTC. Find the complete wagering requirements for this bonus in our review. Terms and conditions apply. You can deposit using popular cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, Ethereum, USDT, and more, with instant and fee free transactions. Schedule a demo call with Scaleo to see what it can do for your crypto casino. There’s no denying that BTC casinos process payments extremely fast. These benefits include increased cashback percentages, expedited transaction processing, personalized account management, and access to exclusive tournaments and games.

Are There Any Advantages ?
BTC, ETH, LTC, USDT TRC20, USDT ERC20, DOGE, ADA, BNB BEP 2, BNB BSC BEP 20, XRP, USDC, and TRX. All casinos that we recommend on this page use provably fair. Players can indulge in an impressive array of slots, table games, and live dealer games, all of which are powered by some of the most renowned developers in the industry. Keep in mind that Ezugi doesn’t offer virtual blackjack games. Which cryptocurrencies can I use in a crypto casino. Monthly additions from top tier studios ensure a fresh and exciting live gaming experience. In addition to its expansive slot offerings, Betfinal Casino also boasts an array of classic table games, including blackjack, roulette, and poker, along with their popular variants. 100% up to 1BTC + 250 free spins. Additionally, 1xBit’s platform ensures you can earn unlimited cashback with bonus points on every bet you place, providing continuous rewards whether your bets win or lose. Follow these simple steps, and you will be ready to play sooner than you expected. Traditional methods like VISA and MasterCard are also supported. Io a reliable choice for both novice and experienced gamblers. Wagering is x60 the bonus amount. NUMBER OF DAILY FREE SPINS. Players will also like the CoinPoker user experience. You really don’t have to look that far to find a convenient way to fund your gambling account. In all truth, some of these altcoins transfer even faster than Bitcoin deposits and withdrawals.

Others also viewed
They support a variety of languages on their site such as English, Chinese, Spanish, French, Hungarian, Russian, Portuguese, German, Turkish, Japanese, Korean. Io is its promotions for both new and returning players, which is exactly what you’d expect from the best crypto casino. In fact, sometimes existing players can benefit from a no deposit bonus. WEFT Tokens serve as the real cryptocurrency of the casino, powering its tokenized loyalty program. Io offers access to a giant range of games from slots, blackjack, roulette, poker, live dealer games and much more. Are you used to operating in a crypto coin other than BTC. If you prefer playing on the go, sites like TG Casino and CoinPoker offer excellent mobile options you can take with you. The essential advantage of such casinos is the transparency and security of transactions, as the blockchain ensures data protection and transaction transparency. Pick a site based on your personal preferences. They also add free spins every wednesday so thats great bonus if you deposit every 30 days. How to Obtain the Bonus.

Is it safe to play poker with Bitcoin?
Additionally, players can claim Daily Free Cases containing various prizes, including cash and slot spins, all of which can be instantly withdrawn. For those who prefer a more solitary experience, there are numerous video poker, keno, bingo, and scratch card games available. When it’s time to cash out your winnings, making a withdrawal at a casino with no KYC is quick and easy. MyStake:Best for bitcoin betting with its brilliant sports betting system. The extensive game library includes offerings from renowned providers such as NetEnt, Microgaming, and Evolution Gaming, ensuring high quality entertainment. Use bonus code ‚BONUSGIANT‘. Best Casino Apps 2024 Top Gambling Applications For Real Money. This feature adds an extra layer of excitement to the platform, as you engage in these challenges, play your favorite slots or live casino games, and showcase your skills to claim your share of the rewards. Get 100 FS No Deposit Bonus. These games offer fast paced action and are a favorite at Bitcoin casinos. We don’t recommend to only compare the deposit bonuses on casino sites. We give VIPs a hefty cashback of up to 25% and sometimes we even go bigger. With no wagering requirements and instant rakeback, players can enjoy their rewards without any strings attached. For sports fans, Vave gives a cashback deal on first bets, letting you win back up to 1 BTC if you lose, so there’s less risk for beginners. Read full review here. USDT, BTC, ETH, LTC, TRX, XRP, DOGE. With no wagering requirements and instant rakeback, players can enjoy their rewards without any strings attached. Wager 5 mBTC and get 200 FS. And its lately rebranded online on line casino offering maintains this specific impressive reputation.

Crypto Adoption in iGaming: Why It’s No Longer Optional
The slots area is really big, with famous games from companies like NetEnt and Microgaming. On this Bitcoin casino site, players will find dozens of jackpot games, hundreds of new and classic slots, and a well stocked live casino accepting crypto bets. Its 24/7 customer service ensures that any player issues are addressed promptly, while the platform’s mobile compatibility allows for smooth gameplay on both iOS and Android devices. How do I withdraw my winnings. Beyond the standard welcome promotion detailed below, players can engage with Mid week Reload and Game of the Week missions to boost their bankrolls. The casino supports a wide array of cryptocurrencies for deposits and withdrawals, including Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, Dogecoin, Shiba Inu, Floki Inu, and Bonk. Com is second to none, with a smooth website design and gameplay optimized for both desktop and mobile devices. Your email address will not be published. Newly registered users are eligible for a 200% matched deposit bonus of up to 25,000 EUR, including 50 free spins. As such, they are completely random, and you can check their fairness yourself. Banks and other parties don’t have access to your spending. The operator chose to go down the path of Bitcoin games and does not accept wagers on sports. This variety keeps the gaming experience fresh and ensures that players with different preferences have something to enjoy. This bonus is credited after your initial deposit, and the wagering requirements are straightforward, making it easy to maximize your earnings right from the start. Indeed, crypto gambling has a lot of advantages: anonymity, transparency, speed of transactions, and the commission is much less in comparison to classical variants of payment. They accept deposits and withdrawals in both USDT and BTC. Joining a no verification online casino is usually straightforward. Some crypto casinos offer exclusive crypto blackjack tournaments, allowing you to test your skills, compete with other players, and win exciting prizes. We value transparency above all else and hence we’ve created all our bitcoin casino games in such a way as to remove all doubt from our players minds. Provably Fair Alongside Licenses: Your average, run of the mill FIAT casino will most likely have acquired an i gambling license. The platform’s global appeal is underscored by its user friendly registration process, complete anonymity, and rapid payout system, allowing players from around the world to seamlessly engage in the excitement of online betting. Sign up at BC Game Casino crypto casino and grab 400 free spins and up to $1600 Bonus across yoru first four deposits. With thousands of high quality games, lucrative crypto bonuses, sleek mobile compatibility, and excellent customer support, emerging online casino Betplay delivers a polished, feature rich experience catering to modern player preferences across devices. We often add up totals on bonuses spread across multiple deposits.
Fortune Jack Casino
Whether you value anonymity, quick withdrawals, or global accessibility, these online casinos provide a secure and enjoyable gaming environment without the need for personal identification. English, German, French, Russian, Turkish, Spanish, Finnish, Italian, Korean, Brazilian Portuguese, Japanese. One of the most striking distinctions is the deposit requirement. They’ve got all the popular cryptocurrencies covered, from Bitcoin and Ethereum to Monero, Solana, BNB, Ripple, Dogecoin, Lite Coin, Cardano, and plenty more. Featuring over 2,700 games from 50+ leading software providers, Lucky Block presents a diverse gaming experience, encompassing slots, table games, live dealers, and an extensive sportsbook, ensuring every player finds their preferred avenue of entertainment. Free Spins: For offers providing free spins, ensure you wager your qualifying deposit at least once to meet the offer requirements. Find the best casino that matches all your needs, create an account, place bets, and enjoy. Overall, playing online poker with BTC is a deal worthy of consideration. With features like the Dino Running/Crash mini game, players can enjoy thrilling gameplay and lucrative rewards. Betfinal’s sportsbook is a significant draw for sports betting enthusiasts, offering a comprehensive range of markets across popular sports like football, tennis, and basketball. It’s important to note that since the seeds are hashed and only revealed after the game/bet, neither the player nor the casino can alter them to influence the outcome or make a move that would be informed by the predetermined outcome. Find the complete wagering requirements for this bonus in our review. A free spins bonus will give you a certain number of spins at a given slot machine. It is necessary to develop a strategy to manage these risks to minimise the impact on the business. Find the complete wagering requirements for this bonus in our review. Additionally, you can use the free coins to build up your bankroll and play longer while potentially increasing your chances of winning big. G Casino and Wall Street Memes to be strong in this area, allowing players to cash out a maximum of €500,000 around $550,000 USD over a calendar month. What Awaits You at Coins. 125% up to 5 BTC + 60 free spins. Well, how can you trust this, right. This parameter can tell you some things and others can’t.
Win up to 1,000 USDT a Week!
We give VIPs a hefty cashback of up to 25% and sometimes we even go bigger. The best platforms typically process withdrawals within minutes, with some achieving near instantaneous payouts. For example, an LTC or a BCH transfer should also work if you are at the right place. Level Up is a new crypto and bitcoin casino brand ready to take off to great heights, with an all star software line up and a twenty level loyalty program for regular players. The process is simple, and we will explain it in detail later. Cryptocurrencies are decentralized and not subject to the same restrictions as fiat currencies. Whether players prefer fast paced, high stakes action or more relaxed gameplay, Bethog’s library ensures there’s something for everyone. If you don’t take the time to read the fine print, you could find yourself in a world of frustration when your winnings suddenly disappear, or worse, you’re not even eligible for the bonus in the first place. Find the complete wagering requirements for this bonus in our review. 100% welcome bonus up to 5 BTC, 150 FS offer for new players min deposit to unlock 50 EUR equivalent, validity 24h, rollover requirements 25x. As the operation of a crypto casino presupposes work with cryptocurrencies, including the issues of payment and betting, your new company may also need special licensure or registration, connected with activities like the operation of a cryptocurrency exchange or a payment service involving cryptocurrencies. Our team regularly updates this list to reflect the latest and most reliable sites.
Track over 38,000 crypto prices in real time with ease
US Players should consider bonuses when selecting the best no KYC casino. Deposit Bonus: 100% + 150 free spins. 50 and the wagering requirement is 10x – an additional $175 must be wagered before you cash out. In the realm of sports betting, JackBit stands out with its comprehensive offerings. Put simply, we are the best place for new and experienced Web3 fans — making content fun and accessible. With up to 25% Rakeback available, this incredible CryptoLeo feature essentially lowers the amount of money spent by giving you a little bit of every bet you make back. Established under the laws of Costa Rica. With an ever expanding scope of games, diverse betting markets, and unique additional products, Vave Casino promises unlimited entertainment. Whether you’re into soccer, basketball, or tennis, you can find a range of games to bet on. Io expanded into the sports betting industry, offering a network that spans 40+ sports categories. Io a compelling option for players looking for a rewarding online casino experience. The loyalty program allows users to earn coins through missions, which can be converted into free bets, spins, or cash, making it one of the most rewarding systems in the online betting industry. English, German, French, Italian. The platform promises quick withdrawal processing times, often within an hour, and allows withdrawals up to $10,000 per week. This insurance can be purchased for both single and accumulator bets, ensuring you can play confidently. These are automated agreements that enforce the rules of the game, ensuring that every bet is fair and reduces the chance of manipulation. 110% Up To $5,000 Welcome Bonus.
Quick withdrawals in our Bitcoin Casino
Holding a legitimate gaming license, Boomerang. From live dealer games to classic casino options, slots, and innovative choices like Aviator, Betpanda. The website of Stake is fully compatible with mobile devices, so you don’t need to download anything. Established under the laws of Costa Rica. This insurance can be purchased for both single and accumulator bets, ensuring you can play confidently. Top Bitcoin casinos offer exclusive bonuses and promotions to incentivize players to use cryptocurrency. 025 BTC in bonus funds when you deposit, plus 180 EXTRA free spins. Learn more about our rating approach and evaluation system. The offer lasts until December 12. Roobet has ‚mines‘ games, which are similar to the classic minesweeper games of old, and also ‚towers‘ games and game shows. MetaWin supports multiple cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin, Ethereum, and Solana, catering to a global audience with diverse payment preferences. These crypto friendly bonuses add significant value, positioning 1win as an attractive option for both new and experienced players in the online gambling space. The action is fast and furious, and the authentic backgrounds look better than a full blown land based casino. Verification is required, when a player requests a withdrawal or at any special situation like a request to change profile name in case it is written incorrectly by mistake. Features like self exclusion options empower players to maintain control over their betting activities, promoting a balanced and enjoyable experience. It allows gaining a well rounded and for in depth understanding of the project goals and scope of work. Despite certain drawbacks, its positive reputation and commitment to user satisfaction position it as a promising platform for gaming enthusiasts. In such games, privacy remains of paramount importance, which is why BTC and other digital assets are ideal payment methods. With the increasing popularity of digital currencies, Evo. You can even choose to double your winnings; the choice is yours.
Year operation started
Discover more about the incredible Wild bonuses in our Wild. While the terms „crypto casino“, „blockchain casino“, and „bitcoin casino“ are often used interchangeably, they can have different meanings based on the specific features and technologies the casinos in question use on a day to day basis. Read full review here. The graphics may be simplified, but the fun and impressive payouts remain a constant source of delight. As is to be expected from someone who plays by the book, the casino stays upfront with its clients at all times and even quotes the theoretical return to player percentage of its live dealer games right under the thumbnail of each. Nevertheless, Weiss offers robust customer support through live chat, email, and multilingual phone support, ensuring a seamless gaming experience for its users. In addition to its offerings, JackBit provides enticing welcome bonuses for both its casino and sportsbook sections. You can also play via Telegram for increased anonymity. This „best fast payout casino“ list breaks down issues you might have had finding a fast payout casino. Early access to games and upcoming features. However, if you’re new to crypto gambling and you simply want to try casinos with your Bitcoin holdings then it’s a great start. Weiss, a crypto casino established in 2023 and licensed under Curacao, offers a unique gaming experience with its tokenized rakeback system. As you can assume, cryptocurrencies are accepted and you can use popular ones 24/7. As we conclude our journey through the exciting world of Bitcoin casinos and crypto gaming, I hope you’ve gained valuable insights and knowledge about this thrilling industry. Playing at a Bitcoin casino really is that simple.
Accepted cryptocurrencies
The rewards program here is a major highlight, with 11 tier levels offering rakeback on your total wagers, no strings attached. Some even include niche options like Dragon Tiger, Teen Patti, and Andar Bahar or game shows such as Deal or No Deal, Monopoly, or Fortune Wheel. I might look for ano minimum deposit Bitcoin casino, but I won’t sign up if it doesn’t have the following features in action. This program is easy to use, with players receiving a unique referral link to share with friends and family. Io is committed to providing an authentic, cutting edge, and user friendly online gambling experience. Live casino enthusiasts can enjoy immersive experiences powered by top tier providers like Evolution Gaming, ensuring real time interaction with professional dealers. Some programs require a significant amount of play to reach the higher tiers, and the rewards offered at lower levels may not be particularly enticing. Government of Curacao. Players can receive 100% of their first bet amount back if the bet is lost, up to a maximum of $100. This is simple enough, as we outline in our casino cashout guide. Upon the first deposit, players receive 100 free spins on „Book of Dead.
What is the best VPN for casinos?
Simple casino games with a very high RTP, crash games are a real hit with crypto casino sites. We understand that many no id verification casino sites do not have licenses, but we still ensure that they are safe and provide a secure gaming environment to players. As you can see, anonymous casinos like CoinPoker offer a streamlined, privacy focused experience that’s hard to beat. But it might take hours before you know every small yet crucial detail that might completely change how you look at a certain casino. English, Greek, Czech, Georgian, Bulgarian, Spanish, Finnish, Filipino, French, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Portuguese, Russian, Serbian, Thai, Chines, Turkish, Vietnamese. These gaming sites function similarly to regular verification options. Io adheres to strict regulatory standards, providing a safe and secure environment for online gambling. Additionally, the casino may ask for identification if you win a large sum of money. These promotions not only increase the excitement and engagement for players but also offer numerous opportunities to win big. 100% Bonus Up To 1 BTC + 10% Weekly Cashback💰Weekly Free Bet ⚽ Anonymous Casino No KYC 🥷🏼Zero Fees ✅ No limits 🤑. The support team can be reached via live chat, email, and a contact form on the website, ensuring that help is always just a click away.
START
By subscribing you: consent to receive bonus offers and other emails from VSO; confirm that you are of legal age to gamble in your country of residence; and acknowledge that you have read and accepted ourprivacy policy. Cryptowild is a „decent“ casino as it offers a decent amount of games and promotions but it pretty much ends there. BTC, BCH, ETH, USDT, USDC, SOL, BNB, ADA, TRX, LTC, DOGE. If your online casino account is fully verified, Cryptoleo Casino will probably process your withdrawal instantly. Find the complete wagering requirements for this bonus in our review. Given that these sites offer a „no purchase necessary“ experience, many of these bonuses don’t require any deposit. These bonuses underscore JackBit’s commitment to providing value and excitement for players across different gaming preferences. Betplay makes a strong initial impression by getting the fundamentals right offering a smooth, easily navigable platform across devices, expanding games library with titles from top studios, and reliable customer support response times. Additionally, HoloBet supports all major cryptocurrencies and a range of native fiat currencies like BRL, CNY, and KRW, making it accessible and versatile for players across the globe. In a crypto live casino, you can connect with real dealers through live video, allowing you to enjoy a range of games as they happen in real time. On this Bitcoin casino site, players will find dozens of jackpot games, hundreds of new and classic slots, and a well stocked live casino accepting crypto bets. Read full review here. Our experts and reviewers analyze the promotions to draw first hand conclusions about the value they offer. Katsubet Casino is another impressive platform where a user can claim up to €/$6,000 in added funds, plus 200 free spins with your first deposits subject to specific criteria being met. If you already own a crypto wallet, you can connect it directly to avoid entering the above details. Reaching the bonus policy players will learn that the platform is constantly improving in this area. It manages to combine nostalgia with modern games easily. 100% Casino 1st Deposit Bonus Up To 2,000 USDT. As players climb the loyalty tiers, they unlock increasingly valuable rewards, including access to special events and unique bonuses. These games are „provably fair“, meaning players can check the game results on the blockchain to see that everything’s legit. No KYC Casinos, by not requiring Know Your Customer verification, may lack the necessary security protocols to safeguard your data. We curated a list of metrics to evaluate crypto platforms based on their services, user experience, security and customer support, payment gateways and charges, pricing and promotions. You’ll need to provide a username, password, and sometimes an email address. Com stands out in the crowded crypto gambling market due to its extensive range of supported cryptocurrencies, user friendly design, robust support system, and exciting promotions.